Paleontology

Google Glass isn’t ready for prime time. Even Google knows this, which is why it hasn't shipped to the masses yet. Instead, Google floated a few units to “Explorers,” glorified guinea pigs who can enjoy the joys and trials of this cuttingest edge of cutting edge technologies. But nascent or not, Glass exists, and it works. Or at least it "works." Developers are still getting their feet wet, high-profile apps like Twitter and Facebook feel more like experiments than finished products, and bugs aren’t the exception, they’re the rule. But, you know, the thing turns on, and hears you say "Okay, Glass," and eagerly awaits your next command. Beyond the home screen, it’s up to Glass Explorers to wade through the good apps, the bad apps, and the broken apps, and we're right there with them. We went exploring, and this is what Glass can do; right here, right now.And for those of you without Glass, hopefully we can help you live vicariously through our misadventures and humble GIF illustrations. Glass is a strange beast, and it can take a while to get used to and understand what it’s trying to do. Maybe we’ll make you jealous, or maybe you’ll decide Glass is a worthless piece of trash. Either way, we hope we can shed light on the mystery, the wonder, and the social awkwardness that is Glass.We’ll be updating this list as new apps come out, and old apps are updated or made obsolete, so keep checking back. And if you see an app we haven’t covered yet, make sure to let us know!

Vegetable lamb, as illustrated in The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (ca 1360). Medieval legend in Europe spoke of a strange animal that could supposedly be found far off in central Asia: the vegetable lamb. According to legend, this was an animal much like an ordinary sheep except that it grew directly from a plant, to which it remained attached by the umbilical cord. The vegetable lamb would sustain itself by grazing on nearby vegetation but when this was depleted, as the lamb could not move away from the plant to which it was attached, the lamb would die. How such a pointlessly self-defeating organism was supposed to persist does not appear to have concerned the medieval lexicographers; presumably it was supposed to be allegorical of something. Opening fruit of Gossypium hirsutum, photographed by B. P. Schuiling. Part of the reason for the legend's persistence, however, was that there was indeed a form of 'wool' that came from a plant: cotton. The cotton genus Gossypium comprises about fifty species found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world (Wendel et al. 2010). Members of the genus vary from herbaceous perennials to small trees. The genus is divided into four subgenera, most of which are geographically distinct. The subgenus Gossypium is found in Africa and Arabia, subgenus Sturtia in Australia, and subgenus Houzingenia in the Americas. These three subgenera between them include the diploid cotton species; the fourth subgenus Karpas is also found in the Americas but differs in containing tetraploid species. Genetic evidence indicates that the subgenus Karpas arose at some point in the very recent past (within the last one or two million years) from a single hybridisation event between a species of subgenus Gossypium and one of Houzingenia, probably as a result of some chance dispersal event from Africa. Gossypium seeds seem well suited to dispersal: seeds of the Hawaiian Island species G. tomentosum have apparently germinated after being kept immersed in artificial seawater for three years (Wendel et al. 2010)! This same predicection for dispersal has resulted in the tetraploid species rapidly becoming widespread despite their recent origin, and in producing two species in remote locales: the Hawaiian G. tomentosum is directly related to the mainland G. hirsutum, while the Galapagos G. darwinii is sister to the mainland G. barbadense. Levant cotton Gossypium herbaceum, photographed by H. Zell. Commercial cotton is grown from four species of Gossypium, which may have each been domesticated independently in prehistoric times. All Gossypium species produce seeds with a covering of fuzzy hairs, but seeds of the two Old World diploid species G. herbaceum and G. arboreum also possess an outer layer of longer, flatter hairs that can be woven into thread. It was one of these two species, or possibly some now-extinct close relative, that made the crossing over the Atlantic to become one ancestor of the tetraploid species; as a result, the tetraploid species also possess these long outer hairs. Two of the tetraploid species, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, were also domesticated, and the latter of these is now by far the most abundant cotton species in cultivation*. *In case you were wondering, no-one seems to have suggested that the island species related to the two American domesticates might have been human-dispersed. Sturt's desert rose Gossypium sturtianum, from here. Other diploid Gossypium species do not possess this longer outer hair layer, only the inner short layer, and are not sources of commercial cotton (though hybrids with some of these species have been used to breed desirable genetic traits into the commercial species). In one group of Australian species (the section Grandicalyx) found in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia, the hair layer has become very sparse and the seeds are almost hairless. These seeds also possess fatty bodies called eliosomes that are

The mighty T. rex may have thrashed its massive head from side to side to dismember prey, but a new study shows that its smaller cousin Allosaurus was a more dexterous hunter and tugged at prey more like a modern-day falcon."Apparently one size doesn't fit all when it comes to dinosaur feeding styles," said Ohio University paleontologist Eric Snively, lead author of the new study published today in Palaeontologia Electronica. "Many people think of Allosaurus as a smaller and earlier version of T. rex, but our engineering analyses show that they were very different predators."Snively led a diverse team of Ohio University researchers, including experts in mechanical engineering, computer visualization and dinosaur anatomy. They started with a high-resolution cast of the five-foot-long skull plus neck of the 150-million-year-old predatory theropod dinosaur Allosaurus, one of the best known dinosaurs. They CT-scanned the bones at O'Bleness Memorial Hospital in Athens, which produced digital data that the authors could manipulate in a computer.Snively and mechanical engineer John Cotton applied a specialized engineering analysis borrowed from robotics called multibody dynamics. This allowed the scientists to run sophisticated simulations of the head and neck movements Allosaurus made when attacking prey, stripping flesh from a carcass or even just looking around."The engineering approach combines all the biological data—things like where the muscle forces attach and where the joints stop motion—into a single model. We can then simulate the physics and predict what Allosaurus was actually capable of doing," said Cotton, an assistant professor in the Russ College of Engineering and Technology.To figure out how Allosaurus de-fleshed a Stegosaurus, the team had to "re-flesh" Allosaurus. The anatomical structure of modern-day dinosaur relatives, such as birds and crocodilians, combined with tell-tale clues on the dinosaur bones, allowed Snively and anatomists Lawrence Witmer and Ryan Ridgely to build in neck and jaw muscles, air sinuses, the windpipe and other soft tissues into their Allosaurus 3D computer model."Dinosaur bones simply aren't enough," said Witmer, Chang Professor of Paleontology in the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and principal investigator on the National Science Foundation's Visible Interactive Dinosaur Project that provided funding for this research. "We need to know about the other tissues that bring the skeleton to life."A key finding was an unusually placed neck muscle called longissimus capitis superficialis. In most predatory dinosaurs, such as T. rex, which Snively studied previously, this muscle passed from the side of the neck to a bony wing on the outer back corners of the skull."This neck muscle acts like a rider pulling on the reins of a horse's bridle," explained Snively. "If the muscle on one side contracts, it would turn the head in that direction, but if the muscles on both sides pull, it pulls the head straight back."But the analysis of Allosaurus revealed that the longissimus muscle attached much lower on the skull, which, according to the engineering analyses, would have caused "head ventroflexion followed by retraction.""Allosaurus was uniquely equipped to drive its head down into prey, hold it there, and then pull the head straight up and back with the neck and body, tearing flesh from the carcass … kind of like how a power shovel or backhoe rips into the ground," Snively said.In the animal world, this same de-fleshing technique is used by small falcons, such as kestrels. Tyrannosaurs like T. rex, on the other hand, were engineered to use a grab-and-shake technique to tear off hunks of flesh, more like a crocodile.But the team's engineering analyses revealed a cost to T. rex's feeding style: high rotational inertia. That large bony and toothy skull perched at the end of the neck made it hard for T. rex to speed up or slow down its head or to change its course as it swung its head around

Microstructures in metasedimentary rocks from the Neoproterozoic Bonahaven Formation, Scotland: Microconcretions, impact spherules, or microfossils?Authors:1. Ross P. Anderson (a)2. Ian J. Fairchild (b)3. Nicholas J. Tosca (c)4. Andrew H. Knoll (d)Affiliations:a. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAb. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKc. Department of Earth Sciences, Irvine Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UKd. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAAbstract:Microscopic spherules in relatively undeformed mudstones of the Neoproterozoic Bonahaven Formation, Islay, Scotland, are differentiated from their matrix by a sharp micron-scale, smoothly rounded boundary. These elongate spherules were earlier interpreted as hollow bodies filled penecontemporaneously by glauconite and subsequently metamorphosed to phengite, but their origin remains a matter of debate. Spherules observed in thin section are predominantly rounded (~74%) but can exhibit a flat edge or protrusion at one end. In 11% of a sample population, two or more spherules are conjoined. X-ray diffraction indicates that spherule-bearing mudstones consist mainly of muscovite, with variable amounts of kaolin-group minerals and minor iron-chlorites. A range of physical origins for the spherules – including microconcretions or metamorphic microstructures; deposition from the sky as micrometeorites, microtektites/microkrystites, or accretionary volcanic ash particles; and detrital grains – is considered but rejected on distributional, morphological, and mineralogical evidence. Biological origins are considered most likely, especially protistan tests similar to the vase-shaped microfossils found in somewhat older Neoproterozoic rocks. If correct, this provides the first report of eukaryotic life in the Dalradian succession that passes critical tests for biogenicity and new evidence for testate microfossils in post-Sturtian but pre-Marinoan aged rocks.

Although Horst Simon was named Deputy Director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, he maintains his strong ties to the scientific computing community as an editor of the TOP500 list and as an invited speaker at conferences.Twice during the week of May 6, Simon gave back-to-back presentations of a new talk on “Why We Need Exascale and Why We Won’t Get There by 2020.” Not only was the talk a hit with conference attendees, but it also made its way onto Slashdot. In this HPCwire exclusive, Simon talks about his presentation with Jon Bashor of Berkeley Lab.Simon is well positioned to discuss the path to exascale. An internationally recognized expert in computer science and applied mathematics, he joined Berkeley Lab in 1996 as director of the newly formed National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), and was one of the key architects in establishing NERSC at its new location in Berkeley. Under his leadership NERSC enabled important discoveries for research in fields ranging from global climate modeling to astrophysics. Simon was also the founding director of Berkeley Lab's Computational Research Division, which conducts applied research and development in computer science, computational science, and applied mathematics.In his prior role as Associate Lab Director for Computing Sciences, Simon helped to establish Berkeley Lab as a world leader in providing supercomputing resources to support research across a wide spectrum of scientific disciplines. Simon’s research interests are in the development of sparse matrix algorithms, algorithms for large-scale eigenvalue problems, and domain decomposition algorithms for unstructured domains for parallel processing. His algorithm research efforts were honored with the 1988 and the 2009 Gordon Bell Prize for parallel processing research. He was also member of the NASA team that developed the NAS Parallel Benchmarks, a widely used standard for evaluating the performance of massively parallel systems. He is co-editor of the twice-yearly TOP500 list that tracks the most powerful supercomputers worldwide, as well as related architecture and technology trends.heh. Wonder who was guilty of trolling /.? ;)

Surviving rapid climate change in the deep sea during the Paleogene hyperthermalsAuthors:1. Laura C. Foster (a)2. Daniela N. Schmidt (a)3. Ellen Thomas (b,c)4. Sandra Arndt (d)5. Andy Ridgwell (d)Affiliations:a. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom;b. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;c. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459; andd. School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United KingdomAbstract:Predicting the impact of ongoing anthropogenic CO2 emissions on calcifying marine organisms is complex, owing to the synergy between direct changes (acidification) and indirect changes through climate change (e.g., warming, changes in ocean circulation, and deoxygenation). Laboratory experiments, particularly on longer-lived organisms, tend to be too short to reveal the potential of organisms to acclimatize, adapt, or evolve and usually do not incorporate multiple stressors. We studied two examples of rapid carbon release in the geological record, Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (?53.2 Ma) and the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ?55.5 Ma), the best analogs over the last 65 Ma for future ocean acidification related to high atmospheric CO2 levels. We use benthic foraminifers, which suffered severe extinction during the PETM, as a model group. Using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy, we reconstruct the calcification response of survivor species and find, contrary to expectations, that calcification significantly increased during the PETM. In contrast, there was no significant response to the smaller Eocene Thermal Maximum 2, which was associated with a minor change in diversity only. These observations suggest that there is a response threshold for extinction and calcification response, while highlighting the utility of the geological record in helping constrain the sensitivity of biotic response to environmental change.

Go read.

A certain director et al have been channeling James and Carlos.

The Amazon rain forest, popularly known as the lungs of the planet, inhales carbon dioxide as it exudes oxygen. Plants use carbon dioxide from the air to grow parts that eventually fall to the ground to decompose or get washed away by the region's plentiful rainfall.Until recently people believed much of the rain forest's carbon floated down the Amazon River and ended up deep in the ocean. University of Washington research showed a decade ago that rivers exhale huge amounts of carbon dioxide – though left open the question of how that was possible, since bark and stems were thought to be too tough for river bacteria to digest.A study published this week in Nature Geoscience resolves the conundrum, proving that woody plant matter is almost completely digested by bacteria living in the Amazon River, and that this tough stuff plays a major part in fueling the river's breath.The finding has implications for global carbon models, and for the ecology of the Amazon and the world's other rivers."People thought this was one of the components that just got dumped into the ocean," said first author Nick Ward, a UW doctoral student in oceanography. "We've found that terrestrial carbon is respired and basically turned into carbon dioxide as it travels down the river."Tough lignin, which helps form the main part of woody tissue, is the second most common component of terrestrial plants. Scientists believed that much of it got buried on the seafloor to stay there for centuries or millennia. The new paper shows river bacteria break it down within two weeks, and that just 5 percent of the Amazon rainforest's carbon ever reaches the ocean."Rivers were once thought of as passive pipes," said co-author Jeffrey Richey, a UW professor of oceanography. "This shows they're more like metabolic hotspots."When previous research showed how much carbon dioxide was outgassing from rivers, scientists knew it didn't add up. They speculated there might be some unknown, short-lived carbon source that freshwater bacteria could turn into carbon dioxide."The fact that lignin is proving to be this metabolically active is a big surprise," Richey said. "It's a mechanism for the rivers' role in the global carbon cycle – it's the food for the river breath."The Amazon alone discharges about one-fifth of the world's freshwater and plays a large role in global processes, but it also serves as a test bed for natural river ecosystems.Richey and his collaborators have studied the Amazon River for more than three decades. Earlier research took place more than 500 miles upstream. This time the U.S. and Brazilian team sought to understand the connection between the river and ocean, which meant working at the mouth of the world's largest river – a treacherous study site."There's a reason that no one's really studied in this area," Ward said. "Pulling it off has been quite a challenge. It's a humongous, sloppy piece of water."The team used flat-bottomed boats to traverse the three river mouths, each so wide that you cannot see land, in water so rich with sediment that it looks like chocolate milk. Tides raise the ocean by 30 feet, reversing the flow of freshwater at the river mouth, and winds blow at up to 35 mph.Under these conditions, Ward collected river water samples in all four seasons. He compared the original samples with ones left to sit for up to a week at river temperatures. Back at the UW, he used newly developed techniques to scan the samples for some 100 compounds, covering 95 percent of all plant-based lignin. Previous techniques could identify only 1 percent of the plant-based carbon in the water.Based on the results, the authors estimate that about 45 percent of the Amazon's lignin breaks down in soils, 55 percent breaks down in the river system, and 5 percent reaches the ocean, where it may break down or sink to the ocean floor.

I lied about waiting for the X-47B to trap before posting another video. This is damned impressive.