Icon of the Pentecost, Russian, 16th century.
“The king stablished all his knights, and gave them that were of lands
not rich, he gave them lands, and charged them never to do outrageousity
nor murder, and always to flee treaso...
Icon of the Pentecost, Russian, 16th century.
“The king stablished all his knights, and gave them that were of lands
not rich, he gave them lands, and charged them never to do outrageousity
nor murder, and always to flee treason; also, by no mean to be cruel,
but to give mercy unto him that asketh mercy, upon pain of forfeiture of
their worship and lordship of King Arthur for evermore; and always to
do ladies, damosels, and gentlewomen succor upon pain of death. Also,
that no man take no battles in a wrongful quarrel for no law, ne for no
world’s goods. Unto this were all the knights sworn of the Table Round,
both old and young. And every year were they sworn at the high feast of
Pentecost.” (Le Morte d'Arthur, pp 115-116)
Yesterday was Pentecost, a major feast day in the Anglican Church. It falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter, and commemorates the
descent of the Holy Spirit on the disciples after Jesus' death. In Greek, Pentecost means "the fiftieth [day]" and originally refered to an ancient, historical Jewish festival commemorating the giving of the Law to Moses on Mt. Sinai. In modern Judaism this festival is called Shavuot.
As had happened with the Jewish festival, in early Christian England, the theological observance of Pentecost was conflated with already-existing pagan ritual of Beltane. In the Arthurian legends, not only did the King have his knights swear their most solemn oaths on the day of Pentecost, he also refused to go into the dining hall until he had seen some miracle or wonder; it's one of the ways that Arthur's other-worldliness and spiritual leadership is shown in the legends, in contrast to Lancelot and Guinevere's adultery, as well as some of the other knight's acts.
In later England, though, Pentecost was more often called Whitsun, or Whitsunday. The Wikipedia has a good entry on the possible etymology of the name "Whitsun", or "White Sunday", in the late Middle Ages, and on the possible conflation of "whit" (white) and "wit" (understanding) :
"The name is a contraction of "White Sunday", attested in "The Holy-Ghost, which thou did send on Whit-Sunday" in the old English homilies, and parallel to the mention of hwitmonedei in the early 13th-century Ancrene Riwle. Walter William Skeat noted that the Anglo-Saxon word also appears in Icelandic hvitasunnu-dagr, but that in English the feast was always called Pentecoste until after the Norman Conquest, when white (hwitte) began to be confused with wit or understanding. According to one interpretation, the name derives from the white garments worn by catechumens, those expecting to be baptised on that Sunday. Moreover, in England, rather than the more usual red, were traditional for the day and its octave.
A different tradition is that of the young women of the parish all
coming to church or chapel in new white dresses on that day. However,
Augustinian canon, John Mirk (c1382 - 1414), of Lilleshall Abbey, Shropshire, had another interpretation:
Good men and wimmen, this day (Dies Penthecostes) is called Wytsonday
by cause the holy ghost bought wytte and wisdom into Crists dyscyples,
and so by prechying after in all Cristendom and fylled him full of holy
Wytte
Thus, he thought the root of the word was "wit" (formerly spelt "wyt"
or "wytte") and Pentecost was so-called to signify the outpouring of
the wisdom of the Holy Ghost on Christ's disciples."
However, today the liturgical color for Pentecost in our tradition is red: red for the "tongues of flame" that supposedly showed the presence of the Holy Spirit. Lots of parishioners, too, wear red on that day. Yesterday we had a liturgical dance by the kids, carrying trailing "flames" of yellow, orange and gold transparent cloth, three baptisms, and we sang a lot of special music - more about that later. I've never been too keen on the idea that the "Spirit" only appeared in the world at that time, and only to these early Christians, so I was happy that